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Circumcision in an Egyptian relief, Sakkara, Egypt, Sixth Dynasty (ca. 2350–2170 BCE). Priests perform circumcision on boys. The hieroglyphic legend reads “circumcision.” The hands of the boy on the…
Places:
Sakkara, Egypt
Date:
Old Kingdom (Egypt), 23rd–22nd Century BCE
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These fragments of a mural from Kuntillet Ajrud show two human heads, facing left and looking out over their city’s wall, which is flanked by towers. The mural may have been part of a military scene…
Places:
Kuntillet Ajrud, Land of Israel (Kuntillat Jurayyah, Egypt)
Date:
Iron Age II, Late 9th–Early 8th Century BCE
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In these fragments of a mural from Kuntillet Ajrud, only partially preserved, a seated male figure appears to be wearing a wide-collared yellow garment. A long sidelock is visible in front of his ear…
Places:
Kuntillet Ajrud, Land of Israel (Kuntillat Jurayyah, Egypt)
Date:
Iron Age II, Late 9th–Early 8th Century BCE
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Fragment of beige linen material with blue linear embellishment and added red wool, from Kuntillet Ajrud. The dyes are from vegetal sources, the blue from indigo and the red from alizarin. Textiles…
Places:
Kuntillet Ajrud, Land of Israel (Kuntillat Jurayyah, Egypt)
Date:
Iron Age II, Late 9th–Early 8th Centuries BCE
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This drawing of a cow and her calf appears on the right side of a pithos (storage jar) from Kuntillet Ajrud. The cow and calf are a common motif associated with fertility and protection. Kuntillet…
Places:
Kuntillet Ajrud, Land of Israel (Kuntillat Jurayyah, Egypt)
Date:
Iron Age IIB, Late 9th–Early 8th Century BCE
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Judicial flogging in Egyptian painting, Beni Hasan, Egypt, Twelfth Dynasty (1938–1759 BCE). A culprit is held down by three men as the court overseer watches. Biblical law included provisions for…
Places:
Beni Hasan, Egypt (Banī Ḩasan ash Shurūq, Egypt)
Date:
Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 20th–18th Century BCE
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Harvesting and threshing in Egyptian painting, from the tomb of Pa-heri (New Kingdom, 18th dynasty, 15th century BCE). In the lower register, on the right, reapers are followed by a woman and child…
Places:
Nekheb, Egypt (Al Kawm al Aḩmar, Egypt)
Date:
New Kingdom (Egypt), 14th Century BCE
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Text
[ . . . May] He lengthen their days and may they be sated . . . recount to YHWH of Teman and His asherah . . .
[ . . . because(?)] YHWH of the Teman, has shown them(?) favor, has bettered their da[ys…
Places:
Kuntillet Ajrud, Land of Israel (Kuntillat Jurayyah, Egypt)
Date:
Late 9th–Early 8th Century BCE
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Words of Ahiqar, Elephantine, 5th century BCE. This Aramaic manuscript contains the oldest-known version of Ahiqar, a wisdom book that includes proverbs similar to those found in the biblical book of…
Places:
Elephantine, Egypt (Jazīrat Aswān, Egypt)
Date:
Fifth Century BCE
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Elephantine letter, dated to year 17 of King Darius II (November 25, 407 BCE). See Request about the Rebuilding of the Elephantine Temple) and Darius and Xerxes, Kings of Persia. The letter is…
Places:
Elephantine, Egypt (Jazīrat Aswān, Egypt)
Date:
407 BCE