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“I am the Lord your God” [the first of the 10 commandments, namely, to believe in God] precedes [the second commandment] “You shall have no other Gods,” for through complete contemplation of “I am the…
In three acts by the famous author Yitsḥak Katzenelson.Karmel, a rich Jewish timber merchant Mr. KharazYoḥanan, his son Mr. MikhaleskoBill, a gypsy captain Mr. LandauTarta, an old gypsy…
This photograph of a heder, a traditional Jewish boys’ elementary school, has become an iconic photograph of pre-World War II Jewish life in Eastern Europe. The heder was often a one-room classroom…
When Dmitri Baltermants took this picture in January 1942, he and the other Soviet photographers who were accompanying liberating troops did not at first understand what they were seeing. Were these…
In January 1942, the Nazis began the large-scale deportations of Jews and Roma from the Łódź Ghetto to the Chełmno killing center, where, by the end of that September, they had murdered about 70,000…
The cover of Far folk un heymland features a red flag and Yiddish writing in which the letter qof has been stylized to resemble a hammer and sickle. The book was published when World War II was still…
As a prisoner in the Nisko labor camp in Poland in 1939 and 1940, Leo Haas painted portraits of SS men in exchange for extra food rations and art supplies. He also documented the daily lives of…
A porch stage left, a little window. A tree at right. Under the tree a table on a wooden beam. Two solid old benches. In the background, a fence with an entrance in the middle. Behind the fence,…
The terrace of the large coffee house in Berlin was almost empty, save for the occasional occupied table. The season had already turned autumnal. The weather was unpredictable, and the air carried a…
This work, which I here make public, answers a scholarly need that became evident to me twenty-five years ago, when I was still a young student writing my first book, The Beginning…