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In the month of Elul, that is Payni, year four of Darius the king, then in Elephantine the fortress, Menahem and Ananiah, two sons of Meshullam son of Shelomam, Jews of Elephantine the fortress of the…
On the 6th of Tishri, that is day 22 of Payni, year eight of Darius the king, then in Syene the fortress, Uriah son of Mahseiah, an Aramean of Syene, said before Vidranga, the Guardian of the Seventh…
In Jewish tradition, the command to “bind them [God’s words] as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a symbol on your forehead” is understood as requiring passages from the Torah to be written on…
Judicial flogging in Egyptian painting, Beni Hasan, Egypt, Twelfth Dynasty (1938–1759 BCE). A culprit is held down by three men as the court overseer watches. Biblical law included provisions for…
Samaria ostracon (A Shipment of Wine), early 8th century BCE, from the ruins of a building near the royal palace. The text can be read here.
Gold of Ophir to/of Beth Horon. 30 shekels.
Translated by Anson F. Rainey from Shmuel Aḥituv’s Hebrew edition.
Laws of Hammurabi on Babylonian Stela, eighteenth century BCE. The stela was originally placed in the temple of the god Marduk in the city of Babylon. Inset shows part of the prologue.
Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (reigned 681–669 BCE). This copy of the treaty was found in the inner sanctum of the Assyrian temple in Tell Tayinat (in southeastern Turkey), where it was…
Legal complaint on ostracon, Metsad Hashaviahu, Israel, from the late 7th century BCE. A worker states that a superior took his garment despite the laborer having fulfilled his work requirements…
On the 18th of Phaophi, year four of Artaxerxes the king in Elephantine the fortress, Malchiah son of Jashobiah, an Aramean, hereditary-property-holder in Elephantine the fortress of the detachment of…