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. . . I head up the public-health service in the program to combat epidemics and also the hospital department. Besides, I also direct the medical board here in the ghetto, where over 800 doctors are…
In every caste system the lower caste occupies a marginal position vis-à-vis the upper caste. The Jews were a marginal element to the Polish nobility. The margin was not isolated, for the Jews could…
“The living faith has vanished. . . . All that remains is poetry!” A superficial observer of life in the ghetto might come to more or less the same conclusion about the way…
We live in a time of a universal striving for science and civilization, and the spirit of the time warms the hearts of everyone alike with its breath. It permeates the depths of the soul and reason…
How many Jews are there in Poland? This seems a simple and reasonable question, but the answer depends to a great degree on who is asking whom, when, and why. This should not be surprising: in Poland…
Now we shall begin to describe the confrontation of the King of Sweden with the King of Poland. First, the aforementioned King of Sweden came to the holy community of Posen [Poznań], a major Jewish…
From the pioneer “intelligentsia” who lived in Vilna at the time, we must note Iulii Tsederbaum-Martov (people called him “Aleksey with the limp”), Arkadii Kremer (Aleksandr), Pati Srednitskaia (she…
The first Po‘ale Tsiyon group in Poltava was born out of the theoretical battle between Zionism and the journal Iskra [the organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]. Up until 1905, [Dov Ber]…
- WorkersHandicraft and small industry: guilds (tsekhn)Trade and industry under Aryan trusteesFree professions: doctors, lawyers…
This work, which I here make public, answers a scholarly need that became evident to me twenty-five years ago, when I was still a young student writing my first book, The Beginning…