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The fundamental issue surrounding the use of archaeological material to illuminate the Bible duplicates the classic Torah u-Madda question: How ought we to make use of wisdom or learning that can…
Contributor:
Lawrence H. Schiffman
Places:
New York, United States of America
Date:
2003
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On the 18th of Phaophi, year four of Artaxerxes the king in Elephantine the fortress, Malchiah son of Jashobiah, an Aramean, hereditary-property-holder in Elephantine the fortress of the detachment of…
Places:
Elephantine, Egypt (Jazīrat Aswān, Egypt)
Date:
401 BCE
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In the tenth year, to Shemaryaw, from Beerayim:
a jar of aged wine.
Gara (son of) Elisha 2.
Uzza (son of) Ka[?]besh (?) 1.
Eliba (son of) N[ . . . ] 1.
Baala (son of) Elisha 1.
Yadayaw 1.
Places:
Samaria, Land of Israel (Kaleh Qaţār-e Soflá, Iran)
Date:
First Quarter of the 8th Century BCE
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½ (panu) to Jehoiachin, king of Ju[dah]
2 ½ qu to the five sons of the king of Judah
4 qu to 8 Judeans, ½ [qu each]
1 ½ qu to three carpenters from Arvad, ½ qu each
½ panu 1 ½ qu to eight carpenters…
Places:
Babylon, Babylonia (Babylon, Iraq)
Date:
592 BCE
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Israelites in Assyrian Exile (last third of eighth century BCE):
Ahiyau, an “archer,” Nineveh
Hoshea, a slave, Nineveh (680 BCE)
Neriyau, “chief of accounts,” Gozan
Paqaha (Pekah), an estate manager…
Places:
Assyria
Babylonia
Date:
730–534 BCE
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This faience amulet from Lachish depicts the Egyptian goddess Isis sitting on a throne and holding her son, the god Horus, on her lap, a common artistic motif in Egyptian amulets. The legs are broken…
Places:
Lachish, Land of Israel (Tel Lakhish, Israel)
Date:
Iron Age IIB, 8th Century BCE
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Impaled corpses at Lachish, detail from Assyrian relief in the Nineveh palace of Sennacherib (reigned 705–681 BCE), depicting the conquest of Lachish in 701 BCE. For the full relief see Conquest of…
Places:
Nineveh, Assyria (Mosul, Iraq)
Date:
Iron Age II, 7th Century BCE
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City gate, Gezer, Early Iron Age (1200–980 BCE). This gatehouse complex had benches for participants in legal procedures and other public affairs. In the book of Ruth, Boaz goes to the city gate in…
Places:
Gezer, Land of Israel (Tel Gezer, Israel)
Date:
Early Iron Age
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Palace façade in Assyrian relief, Khorsabad. This illustration is based on an Assyrian relief from the palace of Sargon II (reigned 722–705 BCE), Khorsabad. The relief shows pillars topped by volute…
Places:
Dur-Sharrukin, Assyria (Khorsabad, Iraq)
Date:
Iron Age II, 8th Century BCE
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Balance scale (reconstruction). Pans from Iron Age II (ca. 980-586 BCE). Balance scales were likely made mostly of wood. No complete example has survived, but they are depicted in ancient Near Eastern…
Places:
Land of Israel (Israel)
Date:
Iron Age IIC, 7th–6th Century BCE