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Elephantine letter, dated to year 17 of King Darius II (November 25, 407 BCE). See Request about the Rebuilding of the Elephantine Temple) and Darius and Xerxes, Kings of Persia. The letter is…
Your son(s) Gemaryahu and Nehemyahu sent concerning the welfare of Malkiyahu.
I bless you to YHWH. And now: Your [ser]vant has inclined his [he]art to what [you] sa[id, and I have written] to my lord…
Storage jar with lamelekh stamp, Lachish, late 8th century BCE. More than 2,500 large storage jars, with a capacity of 12 to 14 gallons each, have seal impressions on their handles with the word lamel…
Bulla of Gemaryahu son of Shaphan, Jerusalem (City of David), late 7th or early 6th century BCE. This clay seal impression belonged to Gemaryahu, who was likely the scribe Gemariah son of Shaphan…
The backs of many bullas, like those shown here from the City of David in Jerusalem, have impressions of the strings that once tied the rolled document and marks from the papyrus fibers of the…
Scribe writing, Sakkara, Egypt, ca. 2625–2350 BCE. The ease with which Baruch’s scroll was cut and burned in Jeremiah 36:23 indicates that it was written on papyrus, not leather. In this limestone…
May YHWH cause my lord to hear, this very day, tidings of good. And now, according to everything my lord has sent, thus has your servant done. I wrote on the sheet according to everything you sent to…
Your son, Yehukal, sends his blessings for the welfare of Gedalyahu son of Elyair and for the welfare of your house. I bless you to YHWH. And now, behold my lord has done [ . . . ] May YHWH recompense…
A double-line border surrounds the inscription on this seal, made of black paste or serpentine (a magnesium silicate), found at Arad. A central boss with flanking lotus buds separates the names…
In late November 1947, in what had once been a quiet suburb of Jerusalem, I first heard of the Dead Sea Scrolls. I was at the time Chief of Operations of Haganah, the Jewish underground self-defence…