Like Torah scrolls, the scroll of the biblical book of Esther, read ritually in the synagogue on the holiday of Purim, must be completely unadorned. However, in the sixteenth century, for reasons unknown, a tradition of decorating the scroll began to develop in Italy; this is one of only four extant decorated Esther scrolls from that century. Handwritten on thick parchment, it features printed (and hand-colored) borders. The borders, originally created to frame each of the letters of the alphabet in a set designed by an Italian calligrapher, have been repurposed here to provide a frame for the biblical text. Note the presence of putti (cherubs) above the text and the half-nude figures to the sides.