The merchants’ and artisans’ guilds introduced into Eastern Europe beginning in the thirteenth century by German immigrants resembled those in Western Europe in their exclusion of Jews. Jews therefore formed their own professional organizations. The first Jewish guild in Prague was formed by Jewish butchers, and was established before 1620. Its emblem featured a rampant lion holding a cleaver. In the seventeenth century, other guilds were organized in Prague by tailors, furriers, weavers, embroiderers, shoemakers, silversmiths and goldsmiths, and Hebrew book printers.