Pesher Isaiah

One of the four translatable fragments of a first-century BCE commentary on Isaiah found in Cave 4, Pesher Isaiah^d (4Q164) comments on verses from Isaiah 54. The other fragments of Pesher Isaiah comment on other verses from the prophetic book and interpret them in relation to the history of the Qumran sect and contemporary events. For example, Pesher Isaiah^a (4Q161) interprets the Kittim—who will be delivered into the hands of Israel—as the Romans. Pesher Isaiah^d identifies the Qumran community as the New Jerusalem.