The Dilemma
Immanuel Frances
17th Century
When I see Hannah in full light, when I remember Naomi, perfect in splendour—my soul is aflame for Hannah, my spirit is kindled for Naomi.
Here I am, sitting on the fence: Hannah, as of today, is my mistress; but Naomi has been reigning over me since yesterday. O Love, whither can I flee from your presence?
Alas, as iron sharpens iron, so has desire…
Creator Bio
Immanuel Frances
The Italian rabbi and poet Immanuel Frances, brother of the poet Jacob Frances, led a difficult life, wandering extensively and suffering misfortunes. His poetic career can be divided into three periods. In the first, 1643–1660, Frances was influenced by two popular Italian poets, Torquato Tasso and Battista Guarini. Frances composed love poems and debates about various topics, including women and rabbis. He also attacked corruption in Jewish society. In the years 1664–1667, he and his brother Jacob engaged in a literary war against Shabbetai Tzvi and kabbalah, which they saw as a threat to the Jewish people (they composed a volume of satirical poems, Tsevi mudaḥ (Banished Deer). Following the death of his brother in 1667, Immanuel led a solitary life, devoting himself to his work as a rabbi of Florence and composing religious poetry. He also wrote some Latin poems, which have not survived, and a number of responsa. Immanuel’s most famous work is Metek sefatayim (Sweetness of the Lips, 1667), concerning Hebrew poetry, which he wrote in Algeria. He also compiled, revised, and published a number of his brother’s poems.
Related Guide
Early Modern Jewish Languages (1500–1750)
As Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews migrated eastward, Yiddish and Ladino emerged as distinct languages. Both languages developed literary traditions, as print became more widespread.
Related Guide
Literature and the Arts, 1500–1750
Jewish literary creativity flourished in the early modern period, dominated by Hebrew poetry that blended religious themes with Renaissance forms.
You may also like

A woman beautiful in every way
Epitaphs
Her Eyes
