Isaac Erter
A Haskalah figure famous for his anti-Hasidic satires, Isaac (Yitsḥak) Erter was born in the Galician village of Koniuszek. Erter settled in Lemberg (present-day Lviv) and taught secular subjects for three years, beginning in 1816. In 1819, he was excommunicated for his maskilic activities by the chief rabbi of Lemberg, and he moved to Brody. From 1825 to 1829, Erter studied medicine at the University of Budapest; afterward, he practiced medicine in Galicia. His satiric stories were anthologized under the title Ha-tsofeh le-vet Yisra’el. He also cofounded the journal He-ḥaluts.