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Bet Din of Hamburg

In response to changes authorized by the growing Reform movement in Germany, the traditional Bet Din of Hamburg issued warnings and responses to discourage practices such as shortening the prayer cycle, reciting prayers in German, and allowing organs in the synagogue. Leading rabbis contributed from Germany and Eastern Europe, including Eleazer Fleckeles, Moses Sofer, and Akiva Eger.

Entries in the Posen Library by This Creator

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Eleh divre ha-berit (These Are the Words of the Covenant)

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These are the words of the covenant as a statute for Jacob, as an everlasting covenant for Israel; the Almighty spoke but once—and He will never alter His law—through the Torah and the ruling which…
Painting of travelers surrounding tomb.
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Rabbinic Scholarship, 1750–1880

Despite the challenges of the early modern period, rabbinic scholarship flourished in Central and Eastern Europe in the latter half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. 

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Religious Movements in the West and in the Ottoman Empire, 1750–1880

In the West,  in the nineteenth century, Jewish rituals, synagogue spaces, and the prayer service itself came under increasing scrutiny in light of the call for modernization. Unlike these divisions in the West, Jewish modernization in the Ottoman Empire followed a distinctive trajectory.